Astronomi

Mekanika Benda Langit

IOAA dan OSN

Newton’s law of gravitation; Kepler’s laws for circular and non-circular orbits; Roche limit; barycentre; two-body problem; Lagrange points.

Teori Elektromagnetik dan Fisika Kuantum

IOAA dan OSN

Electromagnetic spectrum; radiation laws; blackbody radiation.

Editorial:Why the Rayleigh–Jeans Law Predicts an Ultraviolet Catastrophe

Termodinamika

IOAA dan OSN

Thermodynamic equilibrium; ideal gas; energy transfer.

Spektroskopi dan Fisika Atom

IOAA dan OSN

Absorption, emission and scattering; spectra of celestial objects; Doppler effect; line formation; continuum spectra; splitting and broadening of spectral lines; polarisation.

Fisika Nuklir

IOAA dan OSN

Basic concepts, including the structure of the atom; mass defect and binding energy; radioactivity; neutrinos (Q).

Metode Numerik

IOAA dan OSN

Linearisation of equations and expressions; iterative solving of functions; estimating the area under a curve by a graphical method, by integration or by numerical approximation; Taylor-series approximations of common functions.

Kalkulus Dasar

IOAA dan OSN

Derivatives of elementary functions and of their sums, products, quotients and nested functions; integration as the inverse of differentiation; definite and indefinite integrals of elementary functions and their sums; geometric interpretation of derivatives and integrals; finding constants of integration from initial conditions.

Vektor

IOAA dan OSN

Basic properties of vector sums, dot products and cross products; geometric interpretation of the time derivative of a vector quantity.

Alat Geometri

IOAA dan OSN

Use of a ruler, geometric compass, protractor and set-square.

Statistika dan Analisis Galat

IOAA dan OSN

Mean, median, mode and percentiles; box plots; standard deviation; basic probability; relative errors; error estimation using the maximum error or the standard error.

Bola Langit

IOAA dan OSN

Spherical trigonometry; celestial coordinates and their applications; equinox and solstice; circumpolar stars; constellations and zodiac. Azimuth is measured from 0° to 360° starting from north and increasing towards east, unless stated otherwise.

Konsep Waktu

IOAA dan OSN

Solar time; sidereal time; Julian date; heliocentric Julian date; time zones; Universal Time; local mean time; different definitions of “year”; equation of time.

Matahari

IOAA dan OSN

Solar structure; solar surface activity; solar rotation; solar radiation and the solar constant; solar neutrinos (Q); Sun–Earth relations; role of magnetic fields (Q); solar wind and radiation pressure; heliosphere (Q); magnetosphere (Q).

Benda-benda Tata Surya

IOAA dan OSN

Earth–Moon system; precession; nutation; libration; formation and evolution of the Solar System (Q); structure and components of the Solar System (Q); structure and orbits of Solar System objects; sidereal and synodic periods; retrograde motion; outer reaches of the Solar System (Q).

Eksplorasi Antariksa

IOAA dan OSN

Satellite trajectories and transfers; human exploration of the Solar System (Q); planetary missions (Q); gravitational sling-shot effect; space-based instruments (Q).

Fenomena Tata Surya

IOAA dan OSN

Tides; seasons; factors influencing climate (Q); eclipses; aurorae and space weather (Q); meteor showers.

Sifat-sifat Bintang

IOAA dan OSN

Methods of distance determination; radiation, luminosity and magnitude; colour indices and temperature; determination of radii and masses; stellar motion; irregular and regular stellar variability (broad classification and properties); Cepheids and the period–luminosity relation; physics of pulsation (Q).

Interior dan Atmosfer Bintang

IOAA dan OSN

Stellar equilibrium; stellar nucleosynthesis; energy transport (Q); boundary conditions; stellar atmospheres and atmospheric spectra.

Evolusi Bintang

IOAA dan OSN

Stellar formation; Hertzsprung–Russell diagram; pre-main-sequence, main-sequence and post-main-sequence stars; supernovae; planetary nebulae; end states of stars.

Bintang Ganda

IOAA dan OSN

Different types of binary stars; mass determination in binary systems; light and radial-velocity curves of eclipsing binaries; Doppler shifts in binary systems; interacting binaries; peculiar binary systems.

Eksoplanet

IOAA dan OSN

Techniques used to detect exoplanets; habitable zone; classes of exoplanets (Q); spectral signatures of possible life (Q).

Gugus Bintang

IOAA dan OSN

Classification and structure; mass, age, luminosity and distance determination.

Galaksi Bima Sakti

IOAA dan OSN

Structure and composition; rotation; satellites of the Milky Way (Q).

Medium Antarbintang

IOAA dan OSN

Gas (Q); dust (Q); HII regions; 21 cm radiation; nebulae (Q); interstellar absorption; dispersion measure; Faraday rotation.

Galaksi

IOAA dan OSN

Classification by structure, composition and activity; mass, luminosity and distance determination; rotation curves.

Proses Akresi

IOAA dan OSN

Basic concepts of spherical and disc accretion (Q); Eddington luminosity.

Kosmologi Dasar

IOAA dan OSN

Expanding Universe and Hubble’s law; clusters of galaxies; dark matter; dark energy (Q); gravitational lensing; cosmic microwave background radiation; Big Bang (Q); alternative models of the Universe (Q); large-scale structure (Q); distance measurement at cosmological scales; cosmological redshift.

Astronomi Multi-panjang Gelombang

IOAA dan OSN

Observations in the radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma-ray bands; effects of the Earth’s atmosphere; artificial light and electromagnetic pollution.

Instrumentasi

IOAA dan OSN

Telescopes and detectors (for example CCDs, photometers and spectrographs); magnification; focal length; focal ratio; resolving and light-gathering power of telescopes; geometric model of a two-element interferometer; aperture synthesis; adaptive optics; photometry; astrometry.